Assessing the factor structure of the Spreitzer's Psychological Empowerment Scale among Malaysian teachers
Downloads
Psychological empowerment is one of the compelling factors that drive employees to be more initiative and innovative and Spreitzer's Psychological Empowerment Scale (PES) has been widely used to measure it. Nevertheless, PES stability has not been determined in the Malaysian context, limiting its meaning and interpretation. Hence, this study examines the factor structure of the scale among Malaysian teachers. The scale structure was investigated using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) simultaneously with the convergent validity, discriminant validity, and reliability assessment. CFA results of factor loadings and average variance extracted revealed significant evidence of convergent validity while the Fornell-Larcker procedure produced an outcome that supported high discriminant validity of the PES. The reasonable values of the goodness-of-fit indices show that overall, the data fit well. Also, based on the values of the composite reliability and Cronbach's alpha, measurement using the scale demonstrated high internal consistency. Thus, the findings confirmed the stability of the factor structure and therefore provided evidence of generalizability of the scale into the Malaysian context.
Abdullah, A. G. K., Almadhoun, T. Z., & Ling, Y.-L. (2015). Psychological empowerment, job satisfaction and commitment among malaysian secondary school teachers. Asian Journal of Educational Research, 3(3), 34–42.
Albar, M.-J., García-Ramírez, M., Jiménez, A. M. L., & Garrido, R. (2012). Spanish adaptation of the scale of psychological empowerment in the workplace. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 15(2), 793–800. https://doi.org/10.5209/rev_SJOP.2012.v15.n2.38891
Avolio, B. J., Zhu, W., Koh, W., & Bhatia, P. (2004). Transformational leadership and organizational commitment: Mediating role of psychological empowerment and moderating role of structural distance. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25(8), 951–968. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.283
Bhatnagar, J. (2012). Management of innovation: Role of psychological empowerment, work engagement and turnover intention in the Indian context. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 23(5), 928–951. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2012.651313
Breaugh, J. A. (1985). The measurement of work autonomy. Human Relations, 38(6), 551–570. https://doi.org/10.1177/001872678503800604
Chan, Y. H., Nadler, S. S., & Hargis, M. B. (2015). Attitudinal and behavioral outcomes of employees' psychological empowerment: A structural equation modeling approach. Journal of Organizational Culture, Communications and Conflict, 19(1), 24–41.
Conger, J. A., & Kanungo, R. N. (1988). The empowerment process: Integrating theory and practice. The Academy of Management Review, 13(3), 471. https://doi.org/10.2307/258093
Dewettinck, K., & van Ameijde, M. (2011). Linking leadership empowerment behaviour to employee attitudes and behavioural intentions. Personnel Review, 40(3), 284–305. https://doi.org/10.1108/00483481111118621
Ford, R. C., & Fottler, M. D. (1995). Empowerment: A matter of degree. Academy of Management Perspectives, 9(3), 21–29. https://doi.org/10.5465/ame.1995.9509210269
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39–50. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800104
Forrester, R. (2000). Empowerment: Rejuvenating a potent idea. Academy of Management Perspectives, 14(3), 67–80. https://doi.org/10.5465/ame.2000.4468067
Hair-Jr., J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2014). Multivariate data analysis. In Pearson New International Edition (7th ed.). Pearson Education Limited.
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
Huang, J.-T. (2012). Be proactive as empowered? The role of trust in one's supervisor in psychological empowerment, feedback seeking, and job performance. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 42, E103–E127. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2012.01019.x
Jha, S. (2019). Team psychological safety and team performance. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 27(4), 903–924. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOA-10-2018-1567
Khany, R., & Tazik, K. (2016). On the relationship between psychological empowerment, trust, and Iranian efl teachers' job satisfaction. Journal of Career Assessment, 24(1), 112–129. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072714565362
Kmieciak, R., Michna, A., & Meczynska, A. (2012). Innovativeness, empowerment and it capability: Evidence from SMEs. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 112(5), 707–728. https://doi.org/10.1108/02635571211232280
Kíµiv, K., Liik, K., & Heidmets, M. (2019). School leadership, teacher's psychological empowerment and work-related outcomes. International Journal of Educational Management, 33(7), 1501–1514. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEM-08-2018-0232
Kraimer, M. L., Seibert, S. E., & Liden, R. C. (1999). Psychological empowerment as a multidimensional construct: A test of construct validity. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 59(1), 127–142. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164499591009
Lee, A. N., & Nie, Y. (2017). Teachers' perceptions of school leaders' empowering behaviours and psychological empowerment. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 45(2), 260–283. https://doi.org/10.1177/1741143215578448
Livne, Y., & Rashkovits, S. (2018). Psychological empowerment and burnout: Different patterns of relationship with three types of job demands. International Journal of Stress Management, 25(1), 96–108. https://doi.org/10.1037/str0000050
López, A., Sanderman, R., Smink, A., Zhang, Y., van Sonderen, E., Ranchor, A., & Schroevers, M. J. (2015). A reconsideration of the self-compassion scale's total score: Self-compassion versus self-criticism. PLOS ONE, 10(7), e0132940. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0132940
May, D. R., Gilson, R. L., & Harter, L. M. (2004). The psychological conditions of meaningfulness, safety and availability and the engagement of the human spirit at work. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 77(1), 11–37. https://doi.org/10.1348/096317904322915892
Meyerson, S. L., & Kline, T. J. B. (2008). Psychological and environmental empowerment: Antecedents and consequences. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 29(5), 444–460. https://doi.org/10.1108/01437730810887049
Muris, P., & Petrocchi, N. (2017). Protection or vulnerability? A meta-analysis of the relations between the positive and negative components of self-compassion and psychopathology. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 24(2), 373–383. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.2005
Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric theory (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill.
Randolph, W. A., & Kemery, E. R. (2011). Managerial use of power bases in a model of managerial empowerment practices and employee psychological empowerment. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 18(1), 95–106. https://doi.org/10.1177/1548051810379798
Safari, A., Adelpanah, A., Soleimani, R., Heidari Aqagoli, P., Eidizadeh, R., & Salehzadeh, R. (2020). The effect of psychological empowerment on job burnout and competitive advantage. Management Research: Journal of the Iberoamerican Academy of Management, 18(1), 47–71. https://doi.org/10.1108/MRJIAM-06-2019-0935
Sagnak, M. (2012). The empowering leadership and teachers' innovative behavior: The mediating role of innovation climate. African Journal of Business Management, 6(4). https://doi.org/10.5897/AJBM11.2162
Scharle, A., & Szabo, A. (2000). Learner autonomy: A guide to developing learner responsibility. Cambridge University Press.
Schumacker, R. E., & Lomax, R. G. (2004). A beginner's guide to structural equation modeling. Psychology Press. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781410610904
Seibert, S. E., Silver, S. R., & Randolph, W. A. (2004). Taking empowerment to the next level: A multiple-level model of empowerment, performance, and satisfaction. Academy of Management Journal, 47(3), 332–349. https://doi.org/10.2307/20159585
Simkins, T. (2005). Leadership in education. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 33(1), 9–26. https://doi.org/10.1177/1741143205048168
Singh, S. K., & Singh, A. P. (2019). Interplay of organizational justice, psychological empowerment, organizational citizenship behavior, and job satisfaction in the context of circular economy. Management Decision, 57(4), 937–952. https://doi.org/10.1108/MD-09-2018-0966
Spreitzer, G. M. (1995a). An empirical test of a comprehensive model of intrapersonal empowerment in the workplace. American Journal of Community Psychology, 23(5), 601–629. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02506984
Spreitzer, G. M. (1995b). Psychological, empowerment in the workplace: Dimensions, measurement and validation. Academy of Management Journal, 38(5), 1442–1465. https://doi.org/10.2307/256865
Spreitzer, G. M., & Quinn, R. E. (2001). A company of leaders: Five disciplines for unleashing the power in your workforce. Jossey-Bass.
Sun, L.-Y., Zhang, Z., Qi, J., & Chen, Z. X. (2012). Empowerment and creativity: A cross-level investigation. The Leadership Quarterly, 23(1), 55–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2011.11.005
Thompson, C. A., & Prottas, D. J. (2006). Relationships among organizational family support, job autonomy, perceived control, and employee well-being. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 11(1), 100–118. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.10.4.100
Turnipseed, D. L., & VandeWaa, E. A. (2020). The little engine that could: The impact of psychological empowerment on organizational citizenship behavior. International Journal of Organization Theory & Behavior, 23(4), 281–296. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOTB-06-2019-0077
Ugwu, F. O., Onyishi, I. E., & Rodríguez-Sánchez, A. M. (2014). Linking organizational trust with employee engagement: The role of psychological empowerment. Personnel Review, 43(3), 377–400. https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-11-2012-0198
Uner, S., & Turan, S. (2010). The construct validity and reliability of the Turkish version of Spreitzer's psychological empowerment scale. BMC Public Health, 10(1), 117. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-10-117
Vecchio, R. P., Justin, J. E., & Pearce, C. L. (2010). Empowering leadership: An examination of mediating mechanisms within a hierarchical structure. The Leadership Quarterly, 21(3), 530–542. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2010.03.014
Wang, C.-J., Tsai, H.-T., & Tsai, M.-T. (2014). Linking transformational leadership and employee creativity in the hospitality industry: The influences of creative role identity, creative self-efficacy, and job complexity. Tourism Management, 40, 79–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2013.05.008
Wang, G., & Lee, P. D. (2009). Psychological empowerment and job satisfaction. Group & Organization Management, 34(3), 271–296. https://doi.org/10.1177/1059601108330089
Jurnal Cakrawala Pendidikan, Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan, with ISSN: 0216-1370, is published by the Institute of Education Development and Quality Assurance (LPPMP UNY). Cakrawala Pendidikan has been recently has been re-accredited by Indonesian Ministry of Education and Culture decision Number 230/E/KPT/2022 which is valid for five years since enacted on 30 December 2022.
