Mafarja, N., Mohamad, M. M., Ibrahim, B., Sern, L. C., & Kiong, T. T. (2026). A comparative study on the adoption of IR 4.0 technologies in Malaysian TVET institutions. Jurnal Cakrawala Pendidikan, 45(1). https://doi.org/10.21831/cp.v45i1.71339